subjecting elite athletes to inspiratory breathing load reveals behavioral and neural signatures of optimal performers in extreme environments对优秀运动员吸入呼吸负荷显示行为和神经签名最佳表演者在极端环境中.pdfVIP

Subjecting Elite Athletes to Inspiratory Breathing Load Reveals Behavioral and Neural Signatures of Optimal Performers in Extreme Environments 1,2,3 1 1,3 2 1 2 Martin P. Paulus *, Taru Flagan , Alan N. Simmons , Kristine Gillis , Sante Kotturi , Nathaniel Thom , 2 2 4 2,5 Douglas C. Johnson , Karl F. Van Orden , Paul W. Davenport , Judith L. Swain 1 Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America, 2 OptiBrain Consortium, San Diego, California, United States of America, 3 Veterans Affairs San Diego Health Care System, San Diego, California, United States of America, 4 Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America, 5 Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences-A*STAR and National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Abstract Background: It is unclear whether and how elite athletes process physiological or psychological challenges differently than healthy comparison subjects. In general, individuals optimize exercise level as it relates to differences between expected and experienced exertion, which can be conceptualized as a body prediction error. The process of computing a body prediction error involves the insular cortex, which is important for interoception, i.e. the sense of the physiological condition of the body. Thus, optimal performance may be related to efficient minimization of the body prediction error. We examined the hypothesis that elite athletes, compared to control subjects, show attenuated insular cortex activation during an aversive in