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Sustainability 2012, 4, 1867-1878; doi:10.3390/su4081867 OPEN ACCESS sustainability ISSN 2071-1050 /journal/sustainability Article Sustainability Indicators for the Use of Resources—The Exergy Approach Christopher J. Koroneos 1,*, Evanthia A. Nanaki 2 and George A. Xydis 3 1 Unit of Environmental Science and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechneiou Street, Zografou Campus, 15773 Athens, Greece 2 University of Western Macedonia, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bakola and Sialvera, 50100 Kozani, Greece; E-Mail: evananaki@ 3 Technical University of Denmark, Department of Electrical Engineering, Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O. Box 49, Building 776, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; E-Mail: gexy@risoe.dtu.dk * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: koroneos@chemeng.ntua.gr; Tel.: +30-210-772-3085; Fax: +30-210-772-3285. Received: 17 July 2012; in revised form: 25 July 2012 / Accepted: 2 August 2012 / Published: 20 August 2012 Abstract: Global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions reached an all-time high in 2010, rising 45% in the past 20 years. The rise of peoples’ concerns regarding environmental problems such as global warming and waste management problem has led to a movement to convert the current mass-production, mass-consumption, and mass-disposal type economic society into a sustainable society. The Rio Conference on Environment and Development in 1992, and other similar environmental milestone activities and happenings, documented the need for better and more detailed