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symmetric matrix fields in the finite element method在有限元方法中对称矩阵字段.pdf

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symmetric matrix fields in the finite element method在有限元方法中对称矩阵字段

Symmetry 2010, 2, 1375-1389; doi:10.3390/sym2031375 OPEN ACCESS symmetry ISSN 2073-8994 /journal/symmetry Review Symmetric Matrix Fields in the Finite Element Method Gerard Awanou Northern Illinois University, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Dekalb, IL, 60115, USA E-Mail: awanou@; Tel.: 1-815-753-6749; Fax: 1-815-753-1112 Received: 1 April 2010; in revised form: 3 June 2010 / Accepted: 30 June 2010 / Published: 6 July 2010 Abstract: The theory of elasticity is used to predict the response of a material body subject to applied forces. In the linear theory, where the displacement is small, the stress tensor which measures the internal forces is the variable of primal importance. However the symmetry of the stress tensor which expresses the conservation of angular momentum had been a challenge for ﬁnite element computations. We review in this paper approaches based on mixed ﬁnite element methods. Keywords: symmetry; mixed method; ﬁnite element; linear elasticity Classiﬁcation: MSC Primary: 65N30, Secondary: 74S05 1. Introduction The unknowns in the elasticity equations are the stress, which encodes the internal forces, and the displacement, which measures how points in the body move. In the linear theory of elasticity, displacements are assumed to be small and hence the stress becomes the primary unknown. The outline of the paper is as follows. The next section has four parts in which we introduce the linear theory of elasticity following [1], the conce