the duke university religion index (durel) a five-item measure for use in epidemological studies杜克大学宗教指数(durel)five-item措施用于epidemological研究.pdfVIP

Religions 2010, 1, 78-85; doi:10.3390/rel1010078 OPEN ACCESS religions ISSN 2077-1444 /journal/religions Review The Duke University Religion Index (DUREL): A Five-Item Measure for Use in Epidemological Studies Harold G. Koenig 1,* and Arndt Büssing 2 1 Center for Spirituality, Theology and Health, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27503, USA 2 Professorship of Quality of Life, Spirituality and Coping, Center of Integrative Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; E-Mail: Arndt.Buessing@uni-wh.de * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: koenig@; Tel.: +01- 919-681-6633; Fax: +01-888-244-5517. Received: 21 September 2010; in revised form: 16 November 2010 / Accepted: 24 November 2010 / Published: 1 December 2010 Abstract: There is need for a brief measure of religiosity that can be included in epidemiological surveys to examine relationships between religion and health outcomes. The Duke University Religion Index (DUREL) is a five-item measure of religious involvement, and was developed for use in large cross-sectional and longitudinal observational studies. The instrument assesses the three major dimensions of religiosity that were identified during a consensus meeting sponsored by the National Institute on Aging. Those three dimensions are organizational religious activity, non-organizational religious activity, and intrinsic religiosity (or subj