the functions of grainy head-like proteins in animals and fungi and the evolution of apical extracellular barriers颗粒状的像蛋白质的功能在动物和真菌和顶端细胞外的发展障碍.pdfVIP

The Functions of Grainy Head-Like Proteins in Animals and Fungi and the Evolution of Apical Extracellular Barriers ´ 1 1 1 2 1 Adam Pare *, Myungjin Kim , Michelle T. Juarez , Stuart Brody , William McGinnis * 1 Section of Cell Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America, 2 Section of Molecular Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America Abstract The Grainy head (GRH) family of transcription factors are crucial for the development and repair of epidermal barriers in all animals in which they have been studied. This is a high-level functional conservation, as the known structural and enzymatic genes regulated by GRH proteins differ between species depending on the type of epidermal barrier being formed. Interestingly, members of the CP2 superfamily of transcription factors, which encompasses the GRH and LSF families in animals, are also found in fungi – organisms that lack epidermal tissues. To shed light on CP2 protein function in fungi, we characterized a Neurospora crassa mutant lacking the CP2 member we refer to as grainy head-like (grhl). We show that Neurospora GRHL has a DNA-binding specificity similar to that of animal GRH proteins and dissimilar to that of animal LSF proteins. Neurospora grhl mutants are defective in conidial-spore dispersal due to an inability to remodel the cell wall, and we show that grhl mutants and the long-known conidial separation-2 (csp-2) mutants are allelic. We then characterized the transcriptomes of both Neurospora grhl mutants and Drosophila grh mutant embryos to look for similarities in the affected genes. Neurospora grhl appears to play a role in the development