unexpected ecological resilience in bornean orangutans and implications for pulp and paper plantation management意想不到的生态弹性对纸浆和纸张在婆罗洲猩猩和影响种植管理.pdfVIP

Unexpected Ecological Resilience in Bornean Orangutans and Implications for Pulp and Paper Plantation Management 1,2 3 4 5,6 7 8 Erik Meijaard *, Guillaume Albar , Nardiyono , Yaya Rayadin , Marc Ancrenaz , Stephanie Spehar 1 People and Nature Consulting International, Jakarta, Indonesia, 2 School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital ´ ´ ´ Territory, Australia, 3 Societe d’Ornithologie de Polynesie, Taravao, Tahiti, French Polynesia, 4 The Nature Conservancy-Indonesia Program, Balikpapan, East Kalimantan, Indonesia, 5 Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, 6 Forestry Faculty, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia, 7 Hutan, Sandakan, Malaysia, 8 Department of Religious Studies and Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, United States of America Abstract Ecological studies of orangutans have almost exclusively focused on populations living in primary or selectively logged rainforest. The response of orangutans to severe habitat degradation remains therefore poorly understood. Most experts assume that viable populations cannot survive outside undisturbed or slightly disturbed forests. This is a concern because nearly 75% of all orangutans live outside protected areas, where degradation of natural forests is likely to occur, or where these are replaced by planted forests. To improve our understanding of orangutan survival in highly altered forest habitats, we conducted population density surveys in two pulp and paper plantation concessions in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. These plantations c