原创力文档the role of menopause and reproductive senescence in a long-lived social mammal更年期和生殖衰老的作用在一个长寿的社会动物.pdfVIP
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the role of menopause and reproductive senescence in a long-lived social mammal更年期和生殖衰老的作用在一个长寿的社会动物
Frontiers in Zoology BioMed Central
Research Open Access
The role of menopause and reproductive senescence in a long-lived
social mammal
1 2 1 3
Eric J Ward* , Kim Parsons , Elizabeth E Holmes , Ken C Balcomb III and
John KB Ford4
Address: 1Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA, 2Alaska Fisheries Science Center, 7600 Sand Point
Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA, 3Center for Whale Research, PO Box 1577, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA and 4Pacific Biological Station,
Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
Email: Eric J Ward* - eric.ward@; Kim Parsons - Kim.Parsons@; Elizabeth E Holmes - Eli.Holmes@;
Ken C Balcomb - orcasur@; John KB Ford - fordjo@pac.dfo-mpo.gc
* Corresponding author
Published: 3 February 2009 Received: 4 June 2008
Accepted: 3 February 2009
Frontiers in Zoology 2009, 6:4 doi:10.1186/1742-9994-6-4
This article is available from: /content/6/1/4
© 2009 Ward et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (/licenses/by/2.0),
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background: Menopause is a seemingly maladaptive life-history trait that is found in many long-
lived mammals. There are two competing evolutionary hypotheses for this phenomenon; in the
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