第一章 遗传因子的发现（Chapter 1 discovery of genetic factors）.doc

第一章 遗传因子的发现（Chapter 1 discovery of genetic factors） Chapter 1 discovery of genetic factors Section 1 Mendel pea hybridization test (1) 1. selection: Peas (1) pea is a self pollination plant and a closed pollinated plant; (2) pea flowers are larger and easier to handle manually; (3) the pea has characters which are easy to distinguish. 2. concepts commonly used in genetics: (1) traits: morphological characteristics and physiological characteristics exhibited by organisms. Relative traits: the different types of expression of a biological trait. Trait segregation: the simultaneous occurrence of dominant and recessive characters in hybrid offspring. Dominant traits: DD * DD cross test, F1 showed characters. Recessive characters: the trait of F1 not showing in the DD * DD hybridization test (2) homozygous: genetic factors (genes) make up the same individuals. Its characteristic homozygote is the selfing offspring, all homozygous, the asexual separation phenomenon. Heterozygous: genetic factors (genes) that make up different individuals. It is characterized by the separation of characters in heterozygous progenies. (3) hybridization: genetic factors that constitute the intersection of different individuals. The intersection of genetic elements that constitute the same individual. Test Cross: F1 (individuals to be tested) and recessive homozygote hybridization. Orthogonal and reciprocal: the two are relative, 3. law of separation Substance: when gametes are formed, alleles separate from the homologous chromosomes at the later division of meiosis and enter into different gametes, respectively. Second section Mendel pea hybridization test (two) Relative conclusions in the cross test of 1. and two relative characters (1) two pairs of relative characters were controlled by two alleles, and two alleles were located on two pairs of homologous chromosomes. (2) when F1 meiosis produces gametes, the alleles must be separated, and non allelic genes (non allelic genes located on non