语音学概述英文版.pptVIP

* * What is Phonetics? Short answer: The study of speech sounds in all their aspects. Phonetics is about describing speech. (Note: phonetics 1 phonics) Phonetic transcription just one aspect of this description. There are many other ways to describe speech. The methods of description give rise to different branches of phonetics. A. Articulatory phonetics: Concerned with describing (and explaining) the movements of speech structures (tongue, lips, jaw, velum, etc.). Also called articulatory kinematics (kinematics = movement). Kinematics: Measuring the movements our body makes. Articulatory kinematics: Movements associated with speech. Big questions: (a) What movements are involved in making specific speech sounds; i.e., how is a /t/ made, how is an /s/ made, etc. (b) How are speech movements planned and controlled? B. Acoustic phonetics: Concerned with describing the acoustics of speech. Also called speech acoustics. Big questions: (1) What are the relationships between speech movements and the acoustic properties of the speech signal; e.g., when the tongue moves from a position high in the mouth to a position lower in the mouth, how does the sound pattern change (and why)? how does the sound pattern change when the velum is up versus down (and why)? other questions like these (2) Can we make sense of phonetic categories in terms of their underlying acoustic properties; e.g., What acoustic properties do all the [t] sounds have in common (or [d] or [k] or [r] or ...)? What acoustic features are seen for sounds that are voiced (i.e., involving vocal cord vibration) vs. those that are unvoiced? What acoustic features distinguish voices that sound breathy from those that do not? Many other questions like these 1st formant (F1) 3rd formant (F3) 2nd formant (F2) 1st formant (F1) 3rd formant (F3) 2nd formant (F2) 1st formant (F1) 3rd formant (F3) 2nd formant (F2) Example of a speech acoustics problem: What happens to the sound pattern when the vocal tract