社会学理论的结构。特纳。第24章,中英对照.ppt

第24章 剧场理论:戈夫曼 戈夫曼( Erving Goffman，1922-1982)可能是20世纪后半叶在互动过程领域里最具创造性的理论家。他于1982年去世，此前在其最后的论述中，就一度将面对面互动的分析定义为互动秩序(interaction order) o但与许多微观层次的理论家和研究者不一样，戈夫曼并不声称互动秩序总为真，而只是认为互动秩序包含着明显的、显示其独一无二动态的真实领域。因为，“在互动秩序里，生活形式的相对自主性……并不是说这种形式在一定程度上比宏观现象的建构要优越、基本或更具构成性”。戈夫曼意识到，这里最多不过存在着微观与宏观领域之间的松散藕合。宏观现象—比如说，日用品市场、都市用地观念、经济增长、社会阶层的形成—是不能用微观分析来解释的。当然，可以通过提供个体如何在不同环境和背景之下的互动来补充宏观解释的不足，但是，这些分析不能取代宏观解释。不过，互动秩序所包含的东西，也不能仅仅通过宏观过程来说明。何况，宏观现象总是被转而化为个体之间独有的互动方式。 24 Dramaturgical Theory：Erving Goffman Erving Goffman, (1922-1982)was perhaps, the most creative theorist of interaction processes in the second half of the twentieth century. In one of his last statements before his death, he defined the analysis of face-to- face interaction as the itateractfon order ,but unlike many, micro-level theorists and researchers, Goffman did not proclaim that the interaction order is all that is real .Rather, he simply argued that this interaction order constitutes, a distinctive realm of reality that reveals its own unique dynamics. For, to speak of the relative autonomous forms of life in the interaction order ……is not to put forward these forms as somehow prior ,fundamental,or constitutive of the shape of macroscopic phenomena. Goffman recognized that, at best, there is a loose coupling of the micro and macro realms. Macro phenomena, such as commodities markets, urban land-use values, economic growth and societywide stratification, cannot be explained by micro-level analysis. Of course,one can supplement macro-level explanations by recording how individuals interact in various types of settings and encounters, but these analyses will not supplant macro-level explanations. Conversely, what transpires in the interaction order cannot be explained solely transformed in by macroprocesses.Rather, macro-level phenomena are always transformed in ways unique io the individuals involved in interaction. 可以肯定，宏观现象约束着互动，有时甚至引导着互动的一般形式;但互动自身的内在动力并不必然与这些结构参数形成对应关系。的确，互动形式常常会与宏观结构不一致，常常以一种