成人学习理论一.ppt

Theory of Independence Study The student and teacher are separated. The normal processes of teaching and learning are carried out in writing or through some other medium. Teaching is individual. Leaning take place through the student’s activity. Learning is made convenient for the student in his or own environment. The learner takes responsibility for the place of his or her own progress,with freedom to start and stop at any time. Theory of Independence Study Two variable: 1. The amount of learner autonomy 2. The distance between teacher and learner Distance education is composed of two elements: 1. The provision two-way communication. 2. Meet the needs of then individual learner. Moor classifies distance education program as “autonomous” or “nonautonomous”. Autonomous:learner-determined Nonautonomous: teacher- determined Moor-三维论 Dialog:是在某种教学计划　中，学习者、教育者和教学计划之间，能够彼此反应的程度的度量。 Structure:是指教育对学习者个别需要作出反应的程度。 Learner autonomy:学习者的自主性。 凡尔登、克拉克－新三维理论 对话/支持：对话的主要目的是对学习者支持，这种支持可以从为学生提供简单的作业指导一直到为学生提供实在的动机或情感支持。相当大程度上是激发动机或情感支持。 结构/专业化：将专业化能力作为学科内容属性的重要意义之一。远程教育的某些领域，成人教育甚至成人前教育，其能力目标大约可能只要求对原理或问题有一个基本的理解，因而只需要最低程度的结构。在其它一些学习领域中，学习者为了获得足够的能力来建立目标、研究方法或者参加评估之前，必须进行多年的学习。这样的学习领域需要高水平的结构。 综合能力/自我指导：包括了穆尔的自主性观念，但附带有许多限制性条件。包括一些关于人文主义原则以及学习者个人和对于各种学科内容的一般性应用的条件。 Theory of Industrialization of Teaching Rationalization Division of labor Mechanization Assembly line Mass production Preparatory work Planning Theory of Industrialization of Teaching Organization Scientific control methods Standardization Change of function Objectification Concentration and centralization Peter Jarvis—Late Modernity 　作为晚现代性象征的远程教育具有以下几个特点： 商品化、竞争性与全球化 时空分离 迁移重构机制：将当进的特殊社会关系迁移出来，然后在全球范围内重新组织的过程。 反射作用：社会上各种因素都在不断变化以对变化的压力作出反应。 个别化 Theory of Interaction and Communication The theory addressed the affecting factor of relating feelings of belonging or cooperation in distance education. Key terms: Interaction Emotion involvement Motivation Participation Personal t