英语词汇学教程 全套课件.ppt

Hyponymy The definition of hyponymy Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. It refers to the relationship which obtains between the genus (general lexical item)and the species(specific lexical items). The general lexical item is called the superordinate term (上义词). The specific words are known as hyponyms(下义词). Hyponymy literature prose fiction drama short story novelette novel poetry Hyponymy swimming boxing running race wrestling weight-lifting hurdle race running relay sprinting long-distance race gymnastics athletics ball games sports Unit 7 词义的变化 I. The Expansion and Restriction of Meaning (I) The Expansion of Meaning It is also called widening of meaning or generalization. It’s a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized. 词义从特定的意义扩大为普遍意义，或从指“种”的概念扩大为指“类”的概念，结果新意大于旧意，此演变称做词义的扩大（the enlarging/widening/extension/expansion of meaning),也叫词义的一般化（the generalization of meaning) word Old meaning Extented meaning Lady 女主人 贵族太太→有教养的妇女→女人 An old lady, ladies and gentlemen,saleslady,cleaning lady,ladies’ room, a lady novelist … examples orginal meaning enlarged meaning scene 帐篷 舞台上的小房→舞台→景色、景象 scenario 剧本提纲 事态、局势 box 用boxwood制造的容器 任何东西制造的容器 barn 装大买(barley)的谷仓 任何粮食的谷仓 brim 水边(water edge) 任何边缘(edge) carry 用车运(transport by cart) 拿、携带 bullish 股市看涨的 乐观的 Types of the expansion of meaning 1.from specific to general 2.from concrete to abstract 3.from technical terms to general words 4.From proper nouns to common nouns 1.from specific to general examples orginal meaning enlarged meaning scarf 牧师法衣上的一部分；制服肩部或腰部的绶带 （十九世纪）泛指各种围巾、披肩或头巾 pipe 一种管乐器 一切管状的东西 street 铺石头的路 任何材料建成的街道、马路 arrive 登陆、靠岸 到达 Bird 幼鸟 鸟 Journal 日报 一切期刊 Cookbook 烹调书 详尽的说明书 Picture 彩色图片 图片 butcher 宰羊的人 屠夫 2.from concrete to abstract examples orginal meaning enlarged meaning Grasp 用手抓住，一个具体动作 抽象的抓住—用头脑的抓住（掌握、领会） Bend 上弓弦 弯曲 Pain 罚款→惩罚 →痛苦 place 特指“广场” → 地方→地位、处境 Synonymy Sources of synonyms Borrowing Native French Latin tim