词汇学 词义变化类型.pptVIP

Types of semantic change;Extension of Meaning Narrowing of Meaning Elevation of Meaning Degradation of Meaning Transference of Meaning Euphemism;Extension of Meaning;Polysemic words covering a larger range;Technical terms to general words从术语到一般词语;Proper nouns to common nouns从专有名词到普通名词;Narrowing of Meaning ; For economy, some phrases are shortened and only one element of the original, usually an adjective, is left to retain the meaning of the whole. Such adjectives have thus taken on specialized meanings. a general = a general officer an editorial = an editorial article a private=a private soldier Some material nouns are used to refer to objects made of them and thus have a more specific sense. glass a cup-like container or a mirror silver silver dollar;common words to proper nones从普通名词到专有名词 ;;Elevation of Meaning;nice ignorant --- foolish --- delightful, pleasant fond foolish --- affectionate awesome terrible---terrific marshal a keeper of horses --- a high ranking army officer constable a keeper of horses --- a policeman;Degradation of Meaning;silly---happy, fortunate,holy, blessed---innocent, harmless---foolish sad--- full, satisfied, contented---calm---serious---gloomy---sorrowful cunning---knowing,skillful---sly gay---happy---homosexual;Transference of Meaning;Associated Transfer联想转移;Transfer Between Abstract and Concrete Meanings具体与抽象意义的相互转换;Synesthesia通感;Transfer Between Subjective and Objective Meanings主客观意义相互转换;Euphemism;death pass away,lose ones life,breathe ones last,go west,eternal sleep toilet restroom,bathroom,powder room poor people the disadvantage,the low income group ;job janitor custodian rat-catcher extermination engineer gardener landscape architect garbage collector sanitation engineer undertaker mortician,funeral director hairdresser beautician;Thank you