h4 局域网.pptVIP

4.1局域网的标准 局域网的参考模型 4.2LAN的数据链路层 Ethernet Operation Media Access Control (MAC) MAC refers to protocols that determine which computer on a shared-medium environment, or collision domain, is allowed to transmit the data. There are two broad categories of Media Access Control, deterministic（确定性的） (taking turns、booking) and non-deterministic (first come, first served). Non-deterministic MAC protocols use a first-come, first-served approach. CSMA/CD is a simple system. The NIC (网络接口卡)listens for an absence of a signal on the media and starts transmitting. If two nodes transmit at the same time a collision occurs and none of the nodes are able to transmit. MAC rules and collision detection/backoff Ethernet is a shared-media broadcast technology. The access method CSMA/CD used in Ethernet performs three functions: Transmitting and receiving data packets Decoding data packets and checking them for valid addresses before passing them to the upper layers of the OSI model Detecting errors within data packets or on the network CSMA/CD CSMA/CD Process In the CSMA/CD access method, networking devices with data to transmit work in a listen-before-transmit mode. This means when a node wants to send data, it must first check to see whether the networking media is busy. If the node determines the network is busy, the node will wait a random amount of time before retrying. If the node determines the networking media is not busy, the node will begin transmitting and listening. The node listens to ensure no other stations are transmitting at the same time. After completing data transmission the device will return to listening mode. How to detect a collision Networking devices detect a collision has occurred when the amplitude （幅度）of the signal on the networking media increases. When a collision occurs, each node that is transmitting will continue to transmit for a short time to ensure that all devices see the collision. Once all the devices have detected the collis