第四章b分词.doc

分词 .1基本用法 分词的基本形式 主动形式 被动形式 现在时 doing being done 过去时 done 完成时 having done having been done 分词的句法作用：分词具有形容词和副词的作用，因而在句中可以做表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语，分词也可以和它自己带的宾语或状语一起构成分词短语。 做定语：单个分词做定语常位于被修饰词之前，分词短语做定语，总位于修饰词之后。 时态上：the developing countries the developed countries 语态上： ?The first text-books written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. ?Do you know the boy lying under the big tree? 注意： ?The question discussed/ being discussed/ to be discussed at the meeting is quite confidential. 此句当中 过去分词做定语表示完成、被动； 现在分词(被动语态)做定语表示进行、被动； 动词不定式的被动式(被动语态)做定语表示将来、被动。 做宾语补足语：当现在分词用作宾语补足语时，其动作与宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系，与谓语动作同时进行：如果为过去分词，则表示被动关系，其动作先于谓语动作发生。可以用分词做宾补的动词有see, watch, hear, find, notice, have, make等。 ?The next morning she found the man lying in bed, dead. ?The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself heard. ?Did you notice his hands shaking? ?He had some pictures taken in the park. 注意：现在分词做宾补表示动作正在进行，动词不定式做宾补表示动作的全过程。 －Do you hear someone knocking at the door? －Yes, I heard him knock three times. –  做状语：分词和分词短语做状语可以表示时间、伴随、条件、原因、结果等，可以放在句首或句末，通常用逗号和主句隔开。 ?Entering the room, I found the tape-recorder stolen. Having finished the letter, I went to the post office ?When heated, ice changes into water. ?Not knowing his telephone number, she had some difficulty getting in touch with Bill. ?Buried deep down in the earth, the dead forests rotted away and became coal. ?Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. ?They came into the classroom, singing and laughing. 做表语：现在分词做表语，一般表示主动或主语的性质和特征，含有“令人---”的意思，主语多数情况下是物。过去分词做表语一般表示被动或主语的状态，含有“感到---”的意思，主语多数情况下是人。 ?The book is very interesting. ?His father seems pleased with his results. 分词的时态和语态 一般式：分词表示的动作和谓语动作同时发生。 ?Finding the door locked, Mary went home right away. ?Compared with her achievements, her shortcomings are, after all, only secondary. 完成式：所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前。 ?Having answered the letter, she went on to listen to the radio. ?Not having met him, I can not tell you what he