材力小结供参习.docVIP

Three requirements for members are strengt , stiffness and stability. Three basic assumption for deformable solid are continuity assumption, homogenization assumption（均匀性假设） and isotropy assumption（连续性假设）. Materials are assumed to be continuous, homogeneous , isotropic, linearly elastic （线性弹性）and small deformation. Stress means force per unit area. Stresses are classified into normal stresses and shear stresses For normal stresses: positive in tension and negative in compression For shear stresses: positive in clockwise direction and negative in counterclockwise direction. Stresses have a unit of Pa, kPa, or MPa. Stress and strain curve can be obtained from laboratory testing. Stress and strain curve has four stages: elastic stage ,yielding stage, strengthing stage and stage of local deformation（局部变形阶段） . From stress and strain curve, we get Young’s modulus(modulus of elasticity), elastic limit（弹性极限）, yielding strength （屈服极限）and ultimate strength（强度极限）. According to the permanent deformation before failure, materials can be classified as ductile materials（塑性材料） and brittle materials（脆性材料）. Hooke’s law in simply tension states that the longitudinal stress is linearly proportional to the longitudinal strain Hooke’s law in pure shear states that the shear stress is linearly proportional to the shear strain. Modulus of elasticity or Young’s modulus Shear modulus（切变模量） of elasticity or modulus of rigidity can be derived from modulus of elasticity and Poissons ratio. Poissons ratio is defined as the absolute value of the lateral strain(横向线应变) over axial strain(纵向线应变). Poissons ratio ranges from 0 to 0.5 generally. Shear strain（切应变） is an angle change produced by the shear stresses（切应力）. Normal strain is the elongation per unit length. Internal force is acting on a certain cross section. Internal force can be solved from external forces with the help of free-body diagram. Internal force is usually displayed in a diagram. Internal force diagram shows clearly the distribu