第二篇(第四章).ppt

PartⅡ Technical Foundation of Information Systems This part will cover both the fundamental building blocks of today’s information systems, including hardware, software, database, telecommunication, and Internet. Chapter 4-6. Modern IT Architecture Chapter 4. Desktop Systems (one computer) PC Hardware Software Systems Chapter5. Distributed Systems (many computer) Telecommunications Computer Networks and Enterprise Network Internet Chapter6. Managing Data Resource Database technology Data Warehousing, OLAP, Data Mining 从第一台计算机 ENIAC (1946) 到第一个CPU芯片 (1971) Chapter 4. Desktop Systems COMPUTER COMPONENTS A PC Configured for Multimedia A Simplified Computer Chapter 4. Desktop Systems COMPUTER COMPONENTS CPU PRIMARY STORAGE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU) The CPU CPU = Central Processing Unit Instruction execution is automatic (tick) find memory address of next instruction (tick) retrieve instruction from memory (tick) decode the instruction (tick) fetch argument from memory if necessary (tick) execute instruction (tick) store result in memory if necessary Internal clock ticks very fast (e. g., 100MHZ = 100 million ticks per second) activities are synchronized to start on a clock tick some activities take more than one clock tick TYPES OF MEMORY RAM : Random Access Memory Dynamic: Changes thru processing Static: Remains constant (power on) ROM : Read Only Memory （只读存储器）(preprogrammed) PROM(可编程只读存储器）: Program can be changed once EPROM（可擦除可编程只读存储器）: Erasable thru ultraviolet light EEPROM（电可擦除可编程只读存储器）: Electrically erasable * Bit and Byte Bit Binary digit, Represents smallest unit of data in the form of either 0 or 1 Byte String of bits, usually eight Stores one number or character 数字化信息编码的概念： 信息：数值、文字、语音、图形和图像。 在计算机内一切信息必须进行数字化编码（即用二进制代码形式），才能在机内传送、存储和处理。 数值的构成 一个数值各位数字（数码）表示的值不仅与该数字有关，且与所在位置有关。 K进制数转换为十进制数 位权展开法 【例一】将下列数值转换为十进制数 (101.01)2 (205.4)8 (AF.8)16 解： (101.01)2= 1×22＋0×21＋1×20＋0×2 -1＋1×2-2 =(5.25)10