Molecular Structure （化学键与分子结构）.PDF

Chapter 2 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure (化学键与分子结构) Problems and questions —  How is a molecule or polyatomic ion held together?  Why are atoms distributed(分布) at strange angles?  Why are molecules not flat?  Can we predict the structure?  How is structure related to chemical and physical properties? 2-1 2.1 Chemical Bonds, Lewis Symbols, and the Octet Rule(化学键、路易斯符号和八隅体规则) 2.2 Ionic Bonds (离子键) 2.3 Covalent Bonds (共价键) 2.4 Hybrid Orbitals (杂化轨道理论) *2.5 VSEPR—valence-shell electron pair repulsion theory (价层电子对互斥理论) 2.6 Polarity of Molecules and Intermolecular Forces (分子极性与分子间力) *2.7 Ionic Polarization(离子极化) 2-2 2.1 Chemical Bonds, Lewis Symbols, and the Octet Rule(化学键、路易斯符号和八隅体规则) The powerful forces that hold adjacent atoms or ions together in compounds are called chemical bonds. Chemical bonds can be classified as(分为) ionic(离子键), covalent(共价键), or metallic(金属键). An ionic bond results from the powerful electrostatic forces(静电 作用力) that exist between oppositely charged ions. Ionic substances form readily between elements from the far left of the periodic table (metals) and elements from the far right of the periodic table (nonmetals). Metals tend to lose electrons to form positively charged cations(阳离子), while nonmetals tend to gain electrons to form negatively charged anions(阴离子). Ionic substances are solids at room temperature. Atoms in metallic solids such as copper(Cu), iron(Fe), and aluminum(Al) are held together by metallic bond(金属键). In this type of bonding, valence electrons of the metal atoms are free to move throughout the metal solid. 2-3 When atoms are similar in their tendencies(趋势) to lose or gain electrons, they share electrons(共用电子) to form a