第八章学的习动机.pptVIP

Maslows need theory Maslows need theory Self-actualization: A persons ability to develop his or her full potential. According to Maslow, people need to satisfy the lower needs first. If this is not possible, then people will have no chance for satisfying the higher-level needs. For example, if students are hungry or sleepy, they will not seek to fulfull the need for knowledge and understanding . If students basic needs are not met, learning will suffer. Humanistic approaches to motivation 成就动机是个体努力克服障碍、施展才能、力求又快又好地解决某一问题的愿望或趋势。 阿特金森认为个体的成就动机可以分成两类，一类是力求成功的动机，另一类是避免失败的动机。 力求成功者最有可能选择成功概率为50%的任务，因为这种任务能给他们提供最大的现实挑战。避免失败者则倾向于选择非常容易或非常困难的任务，会回避成功几率只有50%的任务。 （三）成就动机理论 Achievement Motivation Achievement motivation consists of a tendency to approach an achievement goal minus the tendency to avoid failure. Accordingly, a students tendency to approach an achievement goal is based on three aspects: the need for achievement, the probability of success on a task, and the value that success on the task has for the student. （三）成就动机理论 Achievement Motivation 归因（Attribution）：归因是指人们对他人或自己的行为结果进行分析，推论这些行为原因的过程。 Attribution theory: A theory of motivation that focuses on how people explain the causes of their own successes and failures. 美国加利福尼亚大学的韦纳认为，学生在对自己的成功和失败进行归因时通常会归于能力(ability)、努力(effort)、任务难度(task difficulty)和运气(luck)这四种主要原因，并将这四种主要原因分成控制点、稳定性、可控性三个维度。 （四）成败归因理论Attribution theory Attribution theory attempts to discover how people perceive the cause of their behavior and then looks at the the way their beliefs may affect their later behavior. Attribution theory suggests that the element(s) or target(s) to which a person attributes his success and failures influences his expectations for future success and therefore affects motivations. （四）成败归因理论 Attribution theory Attribution theory deals primarily with four explanations for success an failure in achievement situations: ability, effort, task difficulty, and luck. Weiner suggested that most explanations for suc