pneumonia呼吸系统肺炎英文带教-2017年10月.ppt

* 3. Blood gas analysis血气分析: PaO2 can be decreased, PaCO2 can be normal or decreased, metabolic acidosis代谢性酸中毒[met?’b?lik ‘?sid?usis] . What are pneumonia symptoms and signs? Initially have symptoms of a cold（upper respiratory infection, for example, sneezing, sore throat, cough）,which are then followed by a high fever（sometimes as high as 104 F ）, shaking chills, and a cough with sputum production. The sputum is usually discolored and sometimes bloody, shortness of breath.The individual’s skin color may change and become dusty or purplish（a condition known as “cyanosis ”）due to their blood. Symptoms This pain is usually sharp and worsen when taking a deep breath and is known as pleuritic pain or pleurisy. A worsening cough, headaches, and muscle aches may be the only symptoms. Children and babies who develop pneumonia often do not have any specific signs of a chest infection but develop a fever ,appear quite ill,and can become lethargic. Complications Serious and potentially lethal · Pleural effusion and empyema · Infective shock · Toxic myocarditis · ARDS （Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ) · Organized pneumonia ·Pleuritis ·Meningocephalitis How is pneumonia diagnosed？ Coarse breathing or cracking sounds with a stethoscope. Wheezing or the sounds of breathing may be faint in a particular area of the chest. A chest X-ray is usually ordered to confirm the diagnosis of pneumonia. The lungs have lobes，usually two on the left and three on the right.When the pneumonia affects one of these lobes，it is often referred to as lobar pneumonia. Sputum Samples Sputum Samples can be collected and examined under the microscope. Pneumonia caused by bacteria or fungi can be detected by this examination. As we have used antibiotics in a broader uncontrolled fashion, more organisms are becoming resistant to the commonly used antibiotics. These types of cultures can help in directing more appropriate therapy. A blood test That measures white blo