启蒙运动英文简介.ppt

18 century: Enlightenment Belief in natural law and universal order Confidence in human reason Rational and scientific approach to religious, social, political, and economic issues Secular view of the world General sense of progress and perfectibility Result  Atlantic Revolution American Revolution American Declaration of Independence The United States Bill of Rights the French Declaration of rights of Man and of the Citizen Polish–Lithuanian Constitution of May 3 1791 Adam Smith(1723-1790) Liberalism Key figure of Scottish Enlightenment The theory of Moral Sentiments An inquiry into the nature and Causes of Wealth of nations(国富论） Smith is widely cited as the father of modern economics and capitalism. The theory of Moral Sentiments Smith critically examines the moral thinking of his time, and suggests that conscience arises from social relationships. His goal was to explain the source of mankinds ability to form moral judgements, in spite of mans natural inclinations towards self-interest. 广泛阅读 教育 Smith proposes a theory of sympathy, in which the act of observing others makes people aware of themselves and the morality of their own behavior The Wealth of Nations It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our own necessities but of their advantages. Invisible hand As every individual, therefore, endeavors as much as he can both to employ his capital in the support of domestic industry, and so to direct that industry that its produce may be of the greatest value; every individual necessarily labours to render the annual revenue of the society as great as he can. He generally, indeed, neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it. By preferring the support of domestiek to that of foreign industry, he intends only his own s