加拿大生物CrossingOver.pptVIP

Crossing Over For example, imagine a man who has one chromosome with brown-eye and brown-hair genes, and another chromosome with blue-eye and blonde-hair genes in his cells. Usually, his sperm cells will have either brown-eye and brown-hair genes, or blue-eye and blonde-hair genes. But if crossing over occurs, the man will produce one sperm cell with brown-eye and blonde-hair genes, and another with blue-eye and brown-hair genes. In short, crossing over produces chromosomes with new combinations of genes—and offspring, called recombinants, with new combinations of traits not seen in either parent. Generally the closer two genes are on a chromosome, the less likely they are to be separated by crossing over. This means that traits that are inherited together most often are influenced by genes that are close to each other on a chromosome. On the other hand, traits that are inherited together less often are probably influenced by genes that are farther apart. Thus, by following several traits through generations and recording how often recombinants occur, one can map the relative position of corresponding genes. (We will save this topic for next unit) Nondisjuction Disorders Karyotype Analysis of Human Chromosomes Normal male karyotype (a Cytogeneticist has lined these chromosomes up, matching homologues up and arranging them by size) Normal female Alterations in chromosome number: Nondisjunction occurs when either homologues fail to separate during anaphase I of meiosis, or sister chromatids fail to separate during anaphase II. The result is that one gamete has 2 copies of one chromosome and the other has no copy of that chromosome. (The other chromosomes are distributed normally.) If either of these gametes unites with another during fertilization, the result is aneuploidy (abnormal chromosome number) A trisomic cell has one extra chromosome (2n +1) = example: trisomy 21. (Polyploidy refers to the condition of having three homologous chromosomes rather then