水电解质失衡英语.pptVIP

Nursing Care of client with Alterations in Fluid overview Distribution tissue Fluid (15%) extracellular Fluid （20%） plasma (5%) intracellular Fluid (40% or 30%) Regulation Kidney Hypothalamus-Posterior Pituitary-ADH System (下丘脑-垂体-抗利尿系统） Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system (肾素—血管紧张素--醛固酮系统) Classification Dehydration Bodys fluid intake is not sufficient to meet ones needs, resulting in a fluid volume deficit. Overhydration Also called fluid overload, in an excess of body fluid. Isotonic Dehydration [Definition] Water and sodium loss in equal proportions,which is the most common type of fluid volume deficit. Its also called acute dehydration.The level of sodium between 135mmol/L and 150mmol/L。 Common causes hemorrhage, vomiting, diarrhea, severe wound diuretic therapy burns etc Hypotonic Dehydration [Definition] Sodium loss is greater than water. Its also called chronic dehydration.The level of sodium below 135mmol/L。 Common causes diarrhea(at least a few days) chronic illness excessive fluid replacement renal failue Hypertonic Dehydration [Definition] Water loss is greater than sodium. Its also called chronic dehydration.The level of sodium greater than 150mmol/L。 Common causes dysphagia(吞咽困难）(esophageal cancer) tube feeding excessive fluid replacement profuse sweating Nursing Care Nursing assessment History age weight diet typical days food beverage other factors Clinical manifestation 1. Thirsy 2. Cardiovascular Nanifestation most reliable indicators heart rate increases peripheral pulse weak BP decreases 3. Renal Manifestation --- monitor urine ouput, total intake and output weight the client (same time ,when possible ,same clothing) metabolic loss ---0.25kg 4. Respiratory Manifestation