Lesson 3 Analytical Chemistry翻译.docVIP

Lesson 3 Analytical Chemistry Analytical chemistry is the science of making quantitative measurements. In practice, quantifying analytes in a complex sample becomes an exercise in problem solving. To be effective and efficient, analyzing samples requires expertise in: the chemistry that can occur in a sample analysis and sample handling methods for a wide variety of problems (the tools-of-the-trade) proper data analysis and record keeping To meet these needs, Analytical Chemistry courses usually emphasize equilibrium, spectroscopic and electrochemical analysis, separations, and statistics. Analytical chemistry requires a broad background knowledge of chemical and physical concepts. With a fundamental understanding of analytical methods, a scientist faced with a difficult analytical problem can apply the most appropriate technique(s). A fundamental understanding also makes it easier to identify when a particular problem cannot be solved by traditional methods, and gives an analyst the knowledge that is needed to develop creative approaches or new analytical methods. 1 Gravimetry Gravimetry is the quantitative measurement of an analyte by weighing a pure, solid form of the analyte. Obtaining pure solids from solutions containing an unknown amount of a metal ion is done by precipitation. Since gravimetric analysis is an absolute measurement, it is a principal method for analyzing and preparing primary standards. A typical experimental procedure to determine an unknown concentration of an analyte in solution is as follows: quantitatively precipitate the analyte from solution collect the precipitate by filtering and wash it to remove impurities dry the solid in an oven to remove solvent weigh the solid on an analytical balance calculate the analyte concentration in the original solution based on the weight of the precipitate Gravimetric Determination of Iron: Determine constant weight of the crucibles Oxidation of iron sample Precipitation of iron hydroxi