只生产人造奶油.pptVIP

8.3 Differential Technological Progress Technological progress is more important when it occurs in a larger sector. the average rate of technological progress for the economy as a whole will be a weighted average of the rates of progress in the different sectors of the economy What happens to the fraction of the economy made up by a given sector when that sector experiences technological progress? Differential Technological Progress:Two Theoretical Examples Example 1: Bread and Cheese.面包和奶酪互补品。假设面包产业生产率每年提高2%，而奶酪生产率不变。面包行业的生产资源将转移到奶酪行业。长期下去，面包产业利用的资源非常少，整个经济的增长为零。 Example 2: Butter and Margarine.天然奶油和人造奶油完全替代。假设后者生产率每年提高2%，而前者不变。起初，假设天然奶油更便宜，因而经济技术每增长。随后，人造奶油技术进步，价格下降，只生产人造奶油，整个经济的技术增长率等于人造奶油技术增长率。 Conclusions from the Examples The key difference between these two examples is in what happens to the share of spending devoted to the sector with rapid technological progress. If the fraction of income spent on the sectors with rapid technological growth rises over time, the overall growth rate of technology will also rise. If the share spent on these sectors falls, the overall rate of growth of technology will fall. Technological Progress in the Real World: Goods versus Services Production methods for goods (i.e., manufacturing) have been one of the most technologically dynamic areas in the economy. By contrast, the production processes for many of the services we consume have changed little over the last century. Total amount of spending in these two areas: In the United States,the fraction of total onsumption devoted to services rose from 40% in 1950 to 67% in 2010. Technological Progress in the Real World: Information Technology People are getting more and better computers, cell phones, and so on, but the prices of these goods are falling, so it is not clear whether the total amount of spending on computers will rise, fall, or stay constant. Price of Computers, 1982–2010 Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Income and Product Accounts, Table 1.5.4. Includ