2014医学侦探与公共卫生事 件的现场流行病学调查.pptVIP

* * * * Because of their size, PM can exert different health impacts as a result of their deposition in the respiratory tract. PM10, the larger sized particles typically get lodged in the upper airways. PM2.5 and ultrafines are able to get deeper into the airways, into the lungs and the alveolar region. * * What are these health impacts? There has been a lot of research conducted to understand the health effects associated with exposure to PM. The relationship between outdoor PM concentrations and a variety of acute and chronic adverse health outcomes have been well documented in epidemiology and toxicology studies. Data show that PM2.5 is the particulate size fraction most strongly associated with these observed health effects. There is a lot of literature showing an association between PM and Respiratory and Cardiovascular health impacts, and there is emerging evidence showing a relationship between PM and the CNS and Reproductive health. (? = emerging evidence) Chronic Reduced lung function Development of chronic bronchitis Premature death Increased lung cancer Acute Aggravation of lung disease (e.g., asthma exacerbation, bronchitis) Increased susceptibility to respiratory infections In people with heart disease, exposures have been linked to heart attacks and cardiac arrhythmias EPA Concludes Fine Particle Pollution Poses Serious Health Threats Causes early death (both short-term and long-term?exposure) Causes cardiovascular harm (e.g. heart attacks, strokes, heart disease, congestive heart?failure) Likely to cause respiratory harm (e.g. worsened asthma, worsened COPD,?inflammation) May cause cancer May cause reproductive and developmental?harm – U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Science Assessment for Particulate Matter, Dec 2009.  Who are most at risk? Based on this research, populations most susceptible to PM exposures include… There are other factors that can affect individual susceptibility to PM including co-morbid condi