顺反子与顺反式效应.ppt

Chapter12 The genetic Code and Transcription 12.1 Characteristics of the genetic code 1. The genetic code is written in linear form, using the ribonucleotide bases that compose mRNA molecules asletters. The ribonucleotide sequence is derived from the complementary nucleotide bases in DNA, 2. Each word within the mRNA contains three ribonucleotide letter. Each group of three ribonucleotides, called a codon, specifies one amino acid; the code is thus a triplet. 3. The code is unambiguous, meaning that each triplet specifies only a single amino acid. 12.3 Deciphering the code In l96l, Marshall Nirenberg and J. Heinrich Matthaei characterized the first specific coding sequences. which served as a cornerstone for the complete analysis of the genetic code dependent on the use of two experimental tools, an in vitro (cell-free) protein-synthesizing system, and an enzyme, polynucleotide p phosphorylase 多核苷酸磷酸化酶, 多核苷酸转核苷酰酶, which allowed the production of synthetic mRNAs the cell-free system (in vitro)for protein synthesis and the availability of synthetic mRNAs provided a means Of deciphering the ribonucleotide composition of various triplets encoding specific amino acids. In contrast to RNA polymerase, polynucleotide phosphorylase requires no DNA template. As a result, each addition of a ribonucleotide is random, based on the relative concentration of the four ribonucleoside diphosphates added to the reaction mixtures. The probability of the insertion of a specific ribonucleotide is proportional to the availability of that molecule, relative to other available ri-bonucleotides. This point is absolutely critical to understanding the work of Nirenberg and others in the ensuing discussion. The Use of Homopolymers In their initial experiments. Nirenberg and Matthaei synthesized RNA homoplymers, each consisting of only one type of ribonucleotjde. UUUUUU. AAAAAA... CCCCCC.. Or GGGGGG... In testing each mRNA, they were able to determine which. if any amino acids were inco