包容性增长扑朔难辨.docVIP

The elusive fruits of inclusive growth包容性增长1效果扑朔难辨 The tricky search for forms of economic growth that will offer opportunity and protection for everyone机会与保护均等的经济增长模式道阻且长May 13th 2010 | From The Economist print editionSHINY Asia’s rapid economic growth over the past two decades, driven by cheap land and labour, technological change and the play of globalisation, has had a spectacularly improving effect on the lives of hundreds of millions. Since 1990 the number of those in extreme poverty, defined as earning less than $1 a day, has been halved, to under a fifth of developing Asia’s people.过去的二十年间，亚洲经济快速增长，耀眼夺目。依靠廉价土地劳动力，技术革新以及全球化趋势，数以亿计人们的生活得到了显著改善。1990年至今，若以每日收入低于1美元的标准计，极端贫困人口数已然减半，不到亚洲发展中国家人口的1/5。So far so miraculous. Yet the shiny face has a tarnished flip side. Poverty and the vulnerabilities associated with it remain entrenched. Further, inequalities are rising fast. The realisation is spurring a rethink among development experts. Until recently, economic growth and social policy were thought of separately. Inequalities and social exclusion, as Sarah Cook of the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development puts it, were viewed as a residual outcome of necessary market-led growth. The development response was to get markets right first and then deal with any remaining pockets of the poor. Persistent poverty and growing social exclusion call the approach into question.奇迹如斯，光鲜背后却也有灰暗的一面。贫困及与其如影随形的其他缺陷依旧根深蒂固。更糟的是，不公正逐渐拉大。现实正促使发展专家进行重新思考。迄今为止，经济发展仍与社会政策区别单独考虑。联合国社会发展研究署的萨拉?库克（Sarah Cook）指出，社会不公与分化被认为是市场经济必要增长的副产品。发展首先是纠正市场，之后再对付贫困问题。顽固的贫穷以及日益分化的社会阶层使人们开始质疑这一观点。China and Vietnam have seen huge improvements but in South Asia extreme poverty remains widespread. What is more, Ifzal Ali and Juzhong Zhuang of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) argue, when measured by a $2-a-day threshold, Asia’s performance in cutting poverty is less impressive, with about half of developing Asia remaining poor, and so susceptible to natural disasters, global