公共管理国外名著选读考点.docxVIP

名 词 解 释：5*4’Glass ceiling exists over women and minorities that allows them to think they can advance into management levels where in reality they are discriminated against. Thus only a disproportionate, small percentage of woman and minorities make it into management roles.Affirmative action was created to give certain grouping of people preference over others to compensate for past discrimination opponents of affirmative action.Principal agent theory: When individual are not always informed adequately, they have not the technical skills to make decisions that will serve their best interests. Others have the competence and information to make decision on behalf of the principal in the principles interests.Strategic management: is an approach to managing an organization that emphasizes long-term thinking and, as the term states, managing strategically instead of reactively or intuitively.Public personnel management is the management of a system whereby public agencies recruit, compensate, and discipline their employees. The system is normally characterized by a watchdog differentiation between the structures that perform personnel tasks and structures that protect employees rights and insulate the process from politics.The compliance audit is the simplest and most common form of scrutiny of p public agencies. An auditor checks whether financial transactions undertaken by a public agency comply with relevant financial laws and regulations.A balance budget would be one in which revenues and expenditures for the coming year are equal, without the need to borrow to make up for a deficit or funds shortfall.EEO: Equal employment opportunity was intend to create a level playing field by giving everyone and equal chance at education and employment.Strategic planning is the all important first step in strategic management. It identify the effects of current decision on future operation.Leadership: The action of who, whether elected, appointed, or emerging by group