科技英语word.doc

课件1 我们来看看这个博弈可预测的均衡是什么。对A来说，尽管他不知道B作何选择，但他知道无论B选择什么，他选择“坦白”总是最优的。显然，根据对称性，B也会选择“坦白”，结果是两人都被判刑8年。但是，倘若他们都选择“抵赖”，每人只被判刑1年。（抵赖、抵赖）是最优的，因为偏离这个行动选择组合的任何其他行动选择组合都至少会使一个人的境况变差。不难看出，“坦白”是任一犯罪嫌疑人的占优战略，而（坦白，坦白）是一个占优战略均衡。 3. zero-sum games (Para.1)（非合作博弈） A situation in which a gain by one person or side must be matched by a loss by another person or side. A game is said to be a zero-sum game if the total amount of payoffs at the end of the game is zero. Thus, in a zero-sum game the total amount won id exactly equal to the amount lost. 4. tic-tac-toe (Para.6) A game in which two players alternatively put crosses(?) and circles(○) in one of the compartments of a square grid of nine spaces; the goal is to get a row of three crosses or three circles before the opponent does. 5. strategy of brinkmanship (Para.17) Brinkmanship refers to the policy or practice, especially in international politics and foreign policy, of pushing a dangerous situation to the brink of disaster in order to achieve the most advantageous outcome, by forcing the opposition to make concessions. Text Organization Part One Content questions: 1. What kind of games did early game theory mathematicians emphasize? What is the current research focus? 2. Are game strategies different from decisions made in a neutral environment? Why or why not? Language Study 1. It attempts to determine mathematically and … a wide array of “games”. (para.1) 译文：它试图以数学和逻辑的方法来帮助博弈者作出决策，在一系列纷繁复杂的博弈中应采取何种策略来保证自身获得最大利益。 2. pioneer: v. to originate (course of action etc., followed later by others.) (para.2) Eg. The new treatment for cancer was pioneered by the experts of state hospital. Translate the following expressions: 1. mutual gain game and mutual harm game 互赢博弈和互败博弈 2. positive sum and negative sum 正和和负和 3. pure conflict 完全博弈 Part Two Content questions: How many types of strategic independence are there in the games? What’s the difference between them? Can you give some examples of these types? 2. What are the