黄衍讲座的handout.docVIP

Neo-Gricean pragmatics: From anaphora through the Square of Opposition to relationship breakdown Yan Huang yan.huang@auckland.ac.nz Linguistics, DALSL, University of Auckland 1 Classical Gricean pragmatics Of the English and American philosophers born in the present century I think I have known all the most gifted. I do not think I have known any who is or was the equal, in certain respects, of Paul Grice. - Peter Strawson (1990) (1) Grices theory of conversational implicature (simplified) (Huang 2000a) a. The co-operative principle Be co-operative. b. The maxims of conversation Quality: Be truthful. (i) Dont say what is false. (ii) Dont say what lacks evidence. Quantity: (i) Dont say less than is required. (ii) Dont say more than is required. Relation: Be relevant. Manner: Be perspicuous. (i) Avoid obscurity. (ii) Avoid ambiguity. (iii) Be brief. (iv) Be orderly. (2) John is going to take a woman out for dinner this evening. + The woman is question is not e.g. John’s wife 2 Neo-Gricean pragmatics Three Levinsonian principles (simplified) (3) The Q[antity]-principle (Levinson 2000, Huang 2000, 2007) Speaker: Do not say less than is required (bearing the I-principle in mind). Addressee: What is not said is not the case. (4) all, some Some of the thundering surf beaches are magnificent. + Not all of the thundering surf beaches are magnificent (5) The I[nformativeness]-principle (Levinson 2000, Huang 2000, 2007). Speaker: Do not say more than is required (bearing the Q-principle in mind). Addressee: What is generally said is stereotypically and specifically exemplified (6) If you give me a free Beethoven, Ill buy five Mozarts. + If and only if you give me a free Beethoven will I buy five Mozarts (7) The M[anner]-principle (Levinson 2000, Huang 2000, 2007) Speaker: Do not use a marked expression without reason. Addressee: What is said in a marked way conveys a marked message. (8) a. The new manager i