基因8 名词解释.docVIP

A gene?(cistron) is the segment of DNA specifying production of a polypeptide chain; it includes regions preceding and following the coding region (leader and trailer) as well as intervening sequences (introns) between individual coding segments (exons). 基因[ gene(cistron)?]：指能产生一条肽链的DNA片段。包括编码区和其上下游区域（引导区和尾部），以及在编码片段间（外显子）的割裂序列（内含子）。 A DNA polymerase is an enzyme that synthesizes a daughter strand(s) of DNA (under direction from a DNA template). Any particular enzyme may be involved in repair or replication (or both). DNA聚合酶（DNA polymerase）：合成子代DNA链（在DNA模板的指导下）的酶。任何独特的酶可在修复或复制（或两者都有）中发挥作用。 RNA polymerases are enzymes that synthesize RNA using a DNA template (formally described as DNA-dependent RNA polymerases). RNA聚合酶（RNA polymerases）：使用DNA作为模板合成RNA的酶（正式应为DNA依赖性RNA聚合酶）。 Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that uses a template of single-stranded RNA to generate a double-stranded DNA copy. 反转录酶（Reverse transcriptase）：以单链RNA为模板合成双链DNA的酶。 A deoxyribonuclease?(DNAase) is an enzyme that attacks bonds in DNA. It may cut only one strand or both strands. 脱氧核糖核酸酶（DNA酶）（deoxyribonuclease，DNAase）：攻击DNA之间化学键的酶。 Ribonucleases?(RNAase) are enzymes that cleave RNA. They may be specific for single-stranded or for double-stranded RNA, and may be either endonucleases or exonucleases. 核糖核酸酶（RNA酶）（Ribonucleases?，RNAase）：底物为RNA的酶，它可对单链或双链RNA特异性作用，它可为核酸内切酶或核酸外切酶。 Exonucleases cleave nucleotides one at a time from the end of a polynucleotide chain; they may be specific for either the 5’ or 3’ end of DNA or RNA. 核酸外切酶（Exonucleases）：每次可从核酸链一头切割一个核苷酸的酶，可能特异性切割DNA或者RNA的5’ 或者3’端。 Endonucleases cleave bonds within a nucleic acid chain; they may be specific for RNA or for single-stranded or double-stranded DNA. 核酸内切酶（Endonucleases）：切割核酸链内的化学键。可特异性地切割RNA或者单链或双链DNA。 A hotspot is a site in the genome at which the frequency of mutation (or recombination) is very much increased, usually by at least an order of magnitude relative to neighboring sites. 热点（hotspot）：突变或者重组频率显著增加的位点。 loss-of-functi