Critical Thinking An Introduction II - College of Public ：批判性思维导论II -公共卫生学院.pptVIP

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Critical Thinking An Introduction II - College of Public ：批判性思维导论II -公共卫生学院.ppt

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Critical Thinking An Introduction II - College of Public ：批判性思维导论II -公共卫生学院

Critical Thinking: An Introduction to Logic and Logical Fallacies Lecture II Fall 2008 Truth Tables and Logical Operators Face it…some things are either true or false (specifying this formally is called “propositional calculus”) A “proposition” is a meaningful statement Limited number of operators: (not, and, or, if…then, if and only if) Truth tables chart truth value of proposition by laying out state-of-world possibilities Use of conditional logic (if certain conditions are met, then a proposition is true) Forms of Conditional Reasoning,based on “If P then Q” Valid Forms Modus Ponens: P, ? Q Modus Tollens: not Q, ? not P Invalid Forms Affirming the Consequent: Q, ? P Denying the Antecedent: not P, ? not Q Logical Fallacies It is important to identify common ways of thinking falsely so that you can sharpen your own logical analyses Identifying source of fallacious reasoning often helps clarify ideas you are trying to communicate TA’s will call you on logical errors (in public) Fallacies of Distraction Fallacy lies in that you are distracted from “true” premises and led to assume something faulty Illegitimate use of a logical operator is key You can identify these fallacies by showing that the main premise doesn’t accurately reflect what’s really going on False Dilemma (misuse of “or”) A limited number of options (usually two) is given, while in reality there are more options. A false dilemma is an illegitimate use of the or operator. Putting issues or opinions into black or white terms is a common instance of this fallacy Examples: You’re either for me or against me. America: Love it or leave it. If you ain’t a Gator, you’re Gator bait (this one’s true). Slippery Slope (misuse of ‘if-then’) If the first step in a “possible” series of events occurs, the other possible steps in the series must inevitably occur. Examples If you drink alcohol once, then you’ll want to drink it again, and pretty soon you’ll be an alcoholic and lose your job. If we pass laws