生物学专业英语考点.docxVIP

The normal cell cycle consists of four phases. The first three include G1, the period of normal metabolism; S phase, during which normal synthesis of biological molecules continues, DNA is replicated, and histones are synthesized; and G2, a brief period of metabolism and additional growth. Together the G1, S, and G2 phases are called interphase. The fourth phase of the cell cycle is M phase, the period of mitosis, during which the replicated chromosomes condense and move and the cell divides. It is believed that properties of the cell cytoplasm control the cell cycle, along with external stimulators and inhibitors such as chalones.正常细胞循环由4个时期组成。头三期包括G1,正常新陈代谢；S期,正常新陈代谢同时，DNA复制，组蛋白合成； G2 期，短期的新陈代谢和少许生长。G1, S, 和G2称分裂间期。最后是M期，有丝分裂期，复制的染色体组浓缩，移动并细胞分裂。据称是染色质控制了细胞循环，伴随外部激活因子和抑制因子如抑素。Biologists divide the mitotic cycle into four phases. At the beginning of prophase前期 the chromosomes each consist of two highly condensed chromatids attached to each other at a centromere. As prophase ends and metaphase中期 begins, the condensed浓缩的 chromosomes become associated with the spindle纺锤体. Eventually the chromosomes become arranged in a plane (called the metaphase plate) at a right angle to the spindle fibers. Next, during anaphase后期, the two sister chromatids of each chromosome split, and one from each pair is drawn toward each pole of the cell. During telophase末期 nuclear envelopes包膜 begin to form around each set of chromosomes, and division of the cytoplasm takes place.生物学家将有丝分裂划分为4个阶段。分裂前期，高度浓缩的两个染色单体通过着丝粒连接在一起。在分裂前期后期和分裂中期前期，浓缩的染色体与纺锤体相连，最后以正确的角度排列在赤道板上。在分裂后期，两个姊妹单体分离，分别拽向细胞两极。在分裂末期，在每套染色体周围形成核膜，细胞质发生分裂。Meiosis减数 is a special form of cell division that takes place in the reproductive生殖 organs that produce sex cells. Like mitosis, it takes place after DNA replication has occurred and involves two sequential连续的 nuclear divisions (meiosis I and meiosis Ⅱ). These divisions result in four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell. The phenom