establishment阐述主题.ppt

* * English Writing I. Writing the Introduction Introduction provides sufficient background information to enable readers to develop an interest in the subject. It gives the readers an idea of the reasons that prompted the author to undertake this particular study. It showcases the problems that were investigated and the hypotheses that were tested What knowledge already exists in the domain of the paper? Are there any conflicts or limitations in that knowledge? What gaps prompted the study and what is its importance? Why was this kind of experiment or experimental design chosen? How are the solutions different from/ superior to existing ones? What problems were investigated?What hypotheses were tested?Did the results tally with the hypothesis formulated?Have the gaps/conflicts been successfully demonstrated?What are the suggested solutions? An introduction has two essential purposes: to engage the reader and to explain clearly what the paper is about. The idea is to both interest and inform the reader. Although there are no rules as to how long an introduction should be, a lengthy one is not desirable because it may distract from the paper’s focus and confuse the audience. How one begins the introduction is largely an individual choice, but Lester believes that the introduction must establish several things within the first few paragraphs: Subject/topic establishment（阐述主题） Identify your specific topic, and then define, limit, and narrow it to one issue. Background/literature review(文献评论) Provide relevant historical data. Discuss a few key sources that touch on your specific issue. If writing about a major figure, give relevant biographical facts, but not an encyclopedia-type survey… Problem/（所需研究）The point of a research paper is to explore or resolve a problem, so identify and explain the complications that you see… Thesis sentence （研究目的/主题） Within the first few paragraphs, use your thesis sentence to establish the direction of the stud