2005届毕业设计外文资料原文(测绘工程)徐健10.doc

3-D Coordinate Transformations Rodney E. Deakin ABSTRACT: A three-dimensional (3-D) conformal coordinate transformation, combining axes rotations, scale change, and origin shifts is a practical mathematical model of the relationships between different 3-D coordinate systems. Applications in geodesy and photogrammetry often use simplified transformation models under the assumption of small or negligible rotations but, in other areas of interest, rotations may be large. In such other cases, approximate values of rotations are required to perform initial transformations before the simplified models are employed. This paper uses an example applicable to the construction industry to demonstrate methods of calculating approximate rotations and performing initial transformations prior to computing transformation parameters. A rigorous development and proof of the 3-D conformal transformation is given, as well as the necessary assumptions for the simplified model. In addition, this paper explains how least squares may be used in determining transformation parameters. Introduction Coordinate transformations, conformal and otherwise, are widely used in surveying and related professions. For instance in geodesy, 3-D transformations are used to convert coordinates related to the Australian Geodetic Datum to the new Geocentric Datum of Australia (Featherstone 1996). In engineering, they form part of monitoring and control systems used in large manufacturing projects such as the construction of the ANZAC frigates for the Australian and New Zealand Navies (Bellman and Anderson 1995), and in photogrammetry they are used in the orientation (interior and exterior) of aerial photographs. In two-dimensional (2-D) form, transformations are used in cadastral survey re-establishments (Bebb 1981; Sprott 1983; Bird 1984), matching digitized cadastral maps (Shmutter and Doytsher 1991) and “sewing together” the edges of strips of digital images (Bellman et al. 1992). In general, the effect of