金兹堡朗道理论.doc

Ginzburg–Landau theory From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In?physics,?Ginzburg–Landau theory, named after?Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg?and?Lev Landau, is a mathematical physical theory used to describesuperconductivity. In its initial form, it was postulated as a phenomenological model which could describe?type-I superconductors?without examining their microscopic properties. Later, a version of Ginzburg–Landau theory was derived from the?Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer?microscopic theory by?Lev Gorkov, thus showing that it also appears in some limit of microscopic theory and giving microscopic interpretation of all its parameters. Contents ??[hide]? 1Introduction 2Simple interpretation 3Coherence length and penetration depth 4Fluctuations in the Ginzburg–Landau model 5Classification of superconductors based on Ginzburg–Landau theory 6Landau–Ginzburg theories in string theory 7See also 8References 8.1Papers Introduction[edit] Based on?Landaus previously-established theory of second-order?phase transitions,?Ginzburg?and?Landau?argued that the?free energy,?F, of a superconductor near the superconducting transition can be expressed in terms of a?complex?order parameter?field,?ψ, which is nonzero below a phase transition into a superconducting state and is related to the density of the superconducting component, although no direct interpretation of this parameter was given in the original paper. Assuming smallness of?|ψ|?and smallness of its gradients, the free energy has the form of a field theory. where?Fn?is the free energy in the normal phase,?α?and?β?in the initial argument were treated as phenomenological parameters,?m?is an effective mass,?e?is the charge of an electron,?A?is the?magnetic vector potential, and??is the magnetic field. By minimizing the free energy with respect to variations in the order parameter and the vector potential, one arrives at the?Ginzburg–Landau equations where?j?denotes the dissipation-less electric current density and?Re?the?real part. The