语言学导论部分考研真题.docVIP

部分考研真题汇总（语言学导论部分） 北京外国语大学 I． Explain the following terms. 1. langue (2010) II. Answer the following questions. How do you compare the traffic light system with a human linguistic system? (2010) 提示：Both the traffic light system and human linguistic system belong to the language system. Both can convey information to human beings. The key difference lies in duality. Linguists refer “duality”(of structure) to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combination of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words, etc). At the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. With duality, our language is endowed with the great productive power. The traffic light system does not have duality, because its primary level does not have independent units which can be united freely into meaningful secondary units. One form corresponds to one meaning. That is, the red light means to stop; the green one means to pass; the yellow one means to pause for pass or stop. The traffic light system is more like animal communicative system rather than human language. 北京第二外国语大学 I．Complete each of the following statements. 1. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called________.（2004） 2. An approach in linguistic study which attempts to lay down rules of correctness as to how language should be used is __________.（2004，2008） 3. When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is ____ function. （2005， 2008，2010） 4. In Saussure’s views, the relationship between signifier (sound image) and signified (concept) is _______.（2005） 5. By ____ is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the