操作系统课件08.pdfVIP

Introduction to Operating Systems Lecture 8: Virtual Memory QIAN Weining wnqian@ Institute of Massive Computing East China Normal University Outline ● Observations on programs ● Demand paging ● Page replacement ● Frame allocation ● Issues 08 ／4 ／6 2 Observations on programs ● Modern programs require a lot of physical memory – Memory per system growing faster than 25%-30%/year ● But they don’t use all their memory all of the time – 90-10 rule: programs spend 90% of their time in 10% of their code – Wasteful to require all of user’s code to be in memory ● Solution: use main memory as cache for disk 08 ／4 ／6 3 Memory hierarchy revisited high speed registers cache main memory electronic disk magnetic disk optical disk magnetic tapes low price large volume 08 ／4 ／6 4 Demand paging: Why? ● Disk is larger than physical memory: – In-use virtual memory can be bigger than physical memory – Combined memory of running processes much larger than