中国古代机构英文翻译.docVIP

EARLY AND MID-QING INSTITUTIONS STRUCTURE OF THE METROPOLITAN GOVERNMENT 中樞部 Principal Offices 內閣 The Grand Secretariat－Top government organ in charge of: (1) Managing state affairs and ensuring that all officials discharged their duties properly; (2) Transmitting routine memorials (題本) to the Emperor, with power to comment on these memorials; (3) Issuing edicts for the Emperor; (4) Presenting new metropolitan graduates to the Emperor; (5) Recommending posthumous titles for deceased Emperors, Empresses and noteworthy officials; (6) Keeping in custody the state and imperial seals. 軍機處 The Grand Council－Set up in 1729 as an advisory body; henceforth became the most important government organ in charge of: Recommending policies that pertained to military affairs, frontier defense, finance, taxation and diplomacy; Handling confidential palace memorials (奏摺 or密摺) addressed to the Emperor; Appointing or dismissing officials at or above the 3rd rank (三品); Setting questions for Metropolitan Examinations (會試) and Palace Examinations (殿試). 六部 The Six Boards 吏部 The Board of Civil Affairs－Managing the Civil Service; comprising 4 Bureaus: 文選司 The Bureau of Appointments－Supervising the selection, appointment, promotion, demotion and transfer of officials. 考功司 The Bureau of Scrutiny－Supervising the award and punishment of officials. 稽勳司 The Bureau of Records－Keeping complete and up-to-date records of officials. 驗封司 The Bureau of Titles－Regulating the bestowal of ranks and hereditary titles on officials. 戶部 The Board of Revenues－Collecting taxes and duties; paying nobles and civil servants; auditing accounts of central/provincial treasuries and granaries; keeping records of territories and population; regulating currency/coinage and determining standards of weights/measurements (in conjunction with the Board of Public Works); issuing agricultural/commercial regulations and reviewing civil cases (in conjunction with the Board of Punishment). M