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外文原文 Traffic Tunnel Construction Whenever the proposed path of a road or railway is obstructed by a hillside, a waterway or some from of construction, the engineer designing the project has to decide whether or not it is practice to construct a tunnel through or under the obstacle. In making his decision, he has not only to consider the economic aspect , but also weight up all the constructional advantages and disadvantages of the both tunneling and the alternative method of either passing around or over the obstruction. In practice, it is often found that tunneling, although costly, proves to be less expensive in the long run than any alternative system. There are instances, however, where the engineer has no choice but to pass around or over the obstacle. For example, intensely hard rock might well make tunneling extremely difficult and far too costly to even contemplate. The inability of existing road systems of many large towns to copy modern traffic requirements has made tunnel construction a proposition well worth serious consideration. Up to a point, flyover and underpasses, being the first really decisive steps to speed up and divert traffic , have eased the situation, but a considerable contribution toward a satisfactory solution can be made by underground railway network. Many of the larger cities of the world have been successfully served by underground railways for years, and most of them are still extending their networks. In the meantime, other cities have introduced them for the first time in an effort to reduce traffic congestion. In the broadest sense, there are two fundamentally different types of construction employed for underground systems, they are sub-pavement tunnels and 搕ubes? the latter being situated at a far greater depth. pThe technique in both forms has improved dramatically over the years. The decision of city planning authorities as to whether a sub-pavement or “tube” system should be adopted, depends a great d