2006级硕士生转博英语考试题.doc

2006级硕士研究生转博考试《专业英语》试题 English Proficiency Test for selection of ph.D student candidates in School of Life Science, Shandong University (120 minutes, 100 points) Part I: The passages in this part are taken from different articles published in top-class journals in life science. Read carefully and then translate them into Chinese (20 points each). Passage One In a world with 260,000 known plant species and finite sequencing resources, it is crucial that we make careful choices as to which genomes will be sequenced. It is clear that the selection of sequencing targets will critically affect what we can learn from comparative相对的 plant genome sequencing. There are three areas that we feel will benefit substantially from future genome sequencing efforts. First, comparative genome sequences present opportunities to study the evolution of plant genome structure and the dynamics of molecular evolutionary processes. Second, they offer an approach to identify genes and other functional elements and provide critical data for annotation of completed plant genomes. Third, plant genome sequences provide the community with an important tool to pursue gene isolation in new target species. To date, plant species chosen for sequencing have been selected either for their small genomes or because of the interests of a particular research community. As a consequence, they are positioned almost idiosyncratically特异质体 in the phylogeny 系统发育of land plants. The 23 land plant species whose genomes have or are currently being sequenced are representative代表 of only 13 of the 606 extan现存 plant families. This will have the unfortunate effect of biasing evolutionary comparisons as well as leaving certain groups without sequenced relatives that can be used in molecular genetic and genomic investigations. Ideally, 理想的the number and distribution分布 of sequenced genomes 基因组should be optimized最优化 to allow investigators to examine the evolution of genome structure and function within the context背景 of a ro