拉扎维授课课件 Ch9-12.ppt

Fundamentals of Microelectronics II CH9 Cascode Stages and Current Mirrors CH10 Differential Amplifiers CH11 Frequency Response CH12 Feedback Chapter 9 Cascode Stages and Current Mirrors 9.1 Cascode Stage 9.2 Current Mirrors Boosted Output Impedances Bipolar Cascode Stage Maximum Bipolar Cascode Output Impedance The maximum output impedance of a bipolar cascode is bounded by the ever-present r? between emitter and ground of Q1. Example: Output Impedance Typically r? is smaller than rO, so in general it is impossible to double the output impedance by degenerating Q2 with a resistor. PNP Cascode Stage Another Interpretation of Bipolar Cascode Instead of treating cascode as Q2 degenerating Q1, we can also think of it as Q1 stacking on top of Q2 (current source) to boost Q2’s output impedance. False Cascodes When the emitter of Q1 is connected to the emitter of Q2, it’s no longer a cascode since Q2 becomes a diode-connected device instead of a current source. MOS Cascode Stage Another Interpretation of MOS Cascode Similar to its bipolar counterpart, MOS cascode can be thought of as stacking a transistor on top of a current source. Unlike bipolar cascode, the output impedance is not limited by ?. PMOS Cascode Stage Example: Parasitic Resistance RP will lower the output impedance, since its parallel combination with rO1 will always be lower than rO1. Short-Circuit Transconductance The short-circuit transconductance of a circuit measures its strength in converting input voltage to output current. Transconductance Example Derivation of Voltage Gain By representing a linear circuit with its Norton equivalent, the relationship between Vout and Vin can be expressed by the product of Gm and Rout. Example: Voltage Gain Comparison between Bipolar Cascode and CE Stage Since the output impedance of bipolar cascode is higher than that of the CE stage, we would expect its voltage gain to be higher as well. Voltage Gain of Bipolar Cascode Amplifier Since rO is mu