国际商务与管理 The External Environment of Business.pdf

THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OF BUSINESS WHAT IS THE EXTERNAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ? • The sum total of the factors external to the organisation, which can influence the behaviour of the business and how it develops UNDERSTANDING ORGANISATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS • Systems Theory • External Environment comprises Task Environment General Environment THE TASK ENVIRONMENT • Stakeholders Individuals or groups who directly/indirectly affect or are affected by an organisation’s pursuit of its goals • 2 categories External stakeholders Internal stakeholders The Stakeholder Model • Business organisation as a number of inter- related groups • Each group has a “stake” or claim in the business; referred to as “stakeholders” Identifying Stakeholders • Who holds a stake in the organisation ? • Who is affected by what the organisation does ? • Who has an impact on what the organisation does ? Primary vs Secondary Stakeholders • Primary Stakeholders Directly involved on a permanent basis with the organisation • Employees, managers, shareholders • Secondary Stakeholders Wide-ranging; involvement with organisation not constant or not strong; often change • Customers, community, temporary employees, occasional suppliers, competitors, government External Stakeholders • Customers • Suppliers • Government • Special-Interest Groups • Consumer Advocates • Media • Labour Unions • Financial Institutions • Competitors Internal Stakeholders • Employees • Shareholders Boards of Directors Managing Multiple Stakeholder Relationships • Conflicting aims of multiple stakeholders • Judicious balance in managing stakeholder relationships, both short-run and long-term THE GENERAL ENVIRONMENT • Economic Sphere • Political Sphere • Technological Sphere • Cultural Sphere The Economic Sph