哈佛大学公开课《公正该如何做是好第四课英文字幕.docVIP

PAGE PAGE 1 1 00:00:03,469 -- 00:00:06,170 Funding for this program is provided by... 2 00:00:07,550 -- 00:00:09,910 Additional funding provided by... 3 00:00:32,000 -- 00:00:35,550 Today, we turn to John Locke. 4 00:00:39,760 -- 00:00:46,770 On the face of it, Locke is a powerful ally of the libertarian. 5 00:00:47,570 -- 00:00:53,630 First, he believes, as libertarians today maintain, 6 00:00:55,169 -- 00:01:01,520 that there are certain fundamental individual rights that are so important 7 00:01:01,830 -- 00:01:05,750 that no government, even a representative government, 8 00:01:05,860 -- 00:01:10,170 even a democratically elected government, can override them. 9 00:01:12,490 -- 00:01:18,560 Not only that, he believes that those fundamental rights include 10 00:01:19,520 -- 00:01:26,420 a natural right to life, liberty, and property, 11 00:01:29,229 -- 00:01:35,030 and furthermore he argues that the right to property 12 00:01:37,280 -- 00:01:42,330 is not just the creation of government or of law. 13 00:01:42,899 -- 00:01:47,110 The right to property is a natural right in the sense 14 00:01:47,240 -- 00:01:50,420 that it is prepolitical. 15 00:01:51,960 -- 00:01:59,340 It is a right that attaches to individuals as human beings, 16 00:01:59,559 -- 00:02:02,440 even before government comes on the scene, 17 00:02:02,600 -- 00:02:05,000 even before parliaments and legislatures 18 00:02:05,280 -- 00:02:10,460 enact laws to define rights and to enforce them. 19 00:02:10,769 -- 00:02:15,530 Locke says in order to think about what it means to have a natural right, 20 00:02:16,100 -- 00:02:19,530 we have to imagine the way things are 21 00:02:21,500 -- 00:02:28,000 before government, before law, and thats what Locke means 22 00:02:28,239 -- 00:02:30,240 by the state of nature. 23 00:02:31,459 -- 00:02:34,860 He says the state of nature is a state of liberty. 24 00:02:39,109 -- 00:02:42,510 Human beings are free and equal beings. 25 00:02:42,709 -- 00:02:45,810 There is