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A Course in English Language Teaching英语教学法教程（第二版）主编 王蔷 Unit 1 Language and Language Learning Views on language What is language? Tool for communication Tool for reflection A system of symbols A special mechanism Social phenomenon A recommended definition of language : Language is a system of arbitrary verbal symbols used for human communication. (Wardhaugh, 1972:3) Different views on language 1. Structural view: It sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: the sound system (phonology) , the discrete units of meaning produced by sound combinations (morphology), and the system of combining units of meaning for communication (syntax). To learn a language means to learn these structural items so as to be able to understand and produce language. 2. Functional view: It sees language as a linguistic system but also as a means for doing things. People learn a language in order to do things with it, in other words, to perform functions. Knowing a language involves knowing how to combine the grammar and vocabulary of the language to express notions that perform the function ( that the learner wants to be able to perform in the language). function: purpose or intention ( greeting, inviting, proposing, apologizing, expressing gratitude, leave-taking, etc.) notion: contents/ideas (the concept of present, past and future time; the expressions of certainty and possibility, the roles of agent, instrument and patient within a sentence; and spatial relationships between people or objects. e.g. I am sorry that I was late last night. Function = apology Notions = past and present time; speaker as agent e.g. where is the nearest bank? Function = asking for information Notions = spatial relationships between the speaker and the place 3. Interactional view: It sees language as a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people. To learn a language, learners not only need to know the gr