局部解剖学（双语） 课程 课件limbs.ppt

Regional Anatomy Based on the organization of the body into parts: the head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, and paired upper and lower limbs. Emphasis is placed on the relationships of various systemic structures (e.g., muscles, nerves, and arteries) within the region. Each region is not an isolated part and must be put into the context of adjacent regions and of the body as a whole. Surface anatomy is an essential part of the regional approach, providing a knowledge of what structures are visible and/or palpable (perceptible to touch) in the living body at rest and in action. The physical examination of patients is the clinical extension of surface anatomy. In people with stab wounds, for example, the healthcare worker must be able to visualize the deep structures that might be injured. Upper Limb Regions: Axilla, Arm, Cubital fossa, Forearm, Hand I. Surface markers of upper limb bones II. Superficial Structures of Upper Limb skin superficial fascia (subcutaneous tissue ) containing: fat Cutaneous Nerves Superficial Vessels (veins, lymph) deep fascia surrounding the muscles, Osseofibrous sheath= deep facia + Intermuscular septum + bone + interosseus membrane III. Superficial Vessels of Upper Limb The cephalic and basilic veins and their tributaries The median cubital v. superficial lymphatic drainage to the lymph nodes: cubital lymph nodes axillary lymph nodes The dorsal venous network of hand IV. Axilla The axilla is the pyramidal space inferior to the glenohumeral joint and superior to the skin and axillary fascia at the junction of the arm and thorax The apex is the cervicoaxillary canal, the passageway between the neck and the axilla. The arteries, veins, lymphatics, and nerves traverse this superior opening to pass to or from the arm. The base is formed by the concave skin, subcutaneous tissue, and axillary (deep) fascia extending from the arm to the thoracic wall forming the axillary fossa (armpit). The anterior wall is formed by the pectoralis m