外文翻译---公共交通运输系统改进和整合的观点.docxVIP

附录一外文文献ViewpointImprovements andintegration of a publictransport systemthe caseof SingaporeMuhammad Faishal Ibrahim*This paper illustrates the initiatives undertaken in Singapore to improve and enhance the publictransport system. Being a small city-state, with limited land supply, encouraging the use of publictransport and restraining car ownership and usage seems to be an obvious choice in managing thecity一states transport problems. Policy covers not only improvements of the public modes but alsoenhancement of all intermediate and end-point facilities, such as linkways, customer service andservice information. In addition, policy makers are also moving towards various aspects of integration in the pursuit of achieving seamless travel via the public transport system.Keywords: public policy, information technology, planningIntroductionThere has been a dramatic growth intravel over the past two decades. Forinstance, in Great Britain, the aggregatedistance travelled has increased by 450l0over a period of about 25 years(Department of Transport, LocalGovernment and the Regions, 2001)Mackett (1994) suggests three mainreasons for this, including increasingcar use, changing trip patterns and dis-persal of urban activities. However, thetrend ofincreasing travel demand,particularly by motor vehicle use, isincreasingly becoming an alarmingthreat to the global environment (Roseand Ampt, 2001), and Gardiner (1991) mentions that transport is the cause ofmany of the worst sustainability threats. Awareness of sustainable development has become significant since thereport of Club of Rome. This awareness surged in the late 1980s and1990s, with more publications relatingto environmental policy, such as theBrundtland Report in 1987, the RioDeclaration on Environment and Development in 1992 and the UnitedNations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1994 (Button et al1996) and the Kyoto Meeting in 1997In recent years, sustainable development has been amongst the top agen