英语复习讲义.docVIP

英语复习讲义 第一章：写作基本技能 第一节主题句 　　请对历年真题和模拟试题总结出topic sentence, 并对它进行复述或概括。 　　一．如何写主题句(topic sentence) 　　1． 在审题过程中，从Directions 和outline找出主题词(topic)和主题思想（controlling idea）. 　　2． 分析并确定两者的关系。 　　3． 用简洁有力的结构把两者连接成完整句子。 　　4． 检查并修改主题句，使之符合主题句的要求和特征。 　　二．主题句的要求和特征 　　1． 必须是判断性质的完整句子。以下就不是： 　　driving on freeways 　　The importance of gold 　　Is it necessary to take a part-time job? 　　2． 必须有概括性。以下就不是： 　　American food is terrible. 　　American food is tasteless and greasy because Americans use too many canned, frozen, and prepackaged foods and because everything is fried in oil or butter. 　　3． 必须包含作者明确的态度。以下就不是 　　I am not sure if it is necessary for college students to take part-time jobs. 　　4． 必须简洁，吸引人。 　　（2001）Love in need is love indeed. 　　5． 必须统领全文，但不能超出全文内容。 　　(2001) Love is the noblest feelings of mankind. 　　三．主题句的位置 　　1． 强烈建议放段首。 　　2． 其他部位可以设置主题句的复述句，如段末。 　　观察此段： 　　Synonyms, words that have the same meaning, do not always have the same emotional meaning. For example, the words stingy and frugal both mean careful with money. However, to call a person stingy is an insult, while the word frugal has much positive connotation. Similarly, a person wants to be slender but not skinny, and aggressive but not pushy. Therefore, you should be careful in choosing words because many so-called synonyms are not really synonyms at all. 　　四．主题句的复述 (Restatement of T.S.) 　　1． 如果是在段末，用强调词连接。 　　2． 与主题句保持意思的一致。 　　3． 转换方式：词对应，同根，逆向 第二节 段落的句子结构 　　一．扩展句 (supporting sentence) 　　1． 目的：发展，支持或证明主题句 　　2． 手段：给出原因，事实，数据，引言，或加以阐述 　　3． 种类：主要扩展句 (major supporting statement) 　　次要扩展句 (minor supporting statement) 　　递进扩展句 (additional supporting statement) 　　Examples for supporting sentences 　　T.S. Over-fishing leads to the decrease of fish resources. 　　1. Reason: This is because an increasing number of fishermen can go fishing at sea. 　　2. Fact/figures: According to a report on fishing released by ….University, the fishing boats are 25 times more than 20 years ago. 　　3. Citation: Just a professor from the fishery departm