毕业论文外文翻译---实验误差与数据分析.docVIP

毕业设计（论文） 外文原文 EXPERIMENTAL ERRORS AND DATA ANALYSIS by J.C．de Paula 1. RANDOM AND SYSTEMATIC ERRORS Every experimental result is subject to error.One can attempt to minimize errors butcannot eliminate them completely. Experimental errors fall under two categories: random orsystematic. Random errors arise from natural limitations of making physical measurements. Forexample, repeated measurements of the same property often differ even if they are performed on asingle instrument that is calibrated and operated properly. Such variations establish the precision ofthe measurement. The precision is also referred to as the reproducibility. Systematic errors arise from blunders in the measuring process. For example, aninstrument that is not operating properly is likely to give erroneous results. The measurement lacksaccuracy. It is even possible that repeated measurements with this broken instrument will givereproducible results (high precision), but every one of them will deviate from the true value (lowaccuracy). Thus, accuracy and precision are not related to each other. 2. STATISTICS OF DATA ANALYSIS The Normal Distribution. Let us turn our attention to precision, since every set ofmeasurements will be subject to random errors, no matter what the degree of accuracy. Let usconsider the data below, obtained by measuring the mass of a metal strip 24 times with the sameinstrument. Mass Measurements (in Grams) for a Metal Strip8.1508.1458.1488.1458.1558.1558.1568.1528.1428.1438.1448.1488.1508.1538.1528.1508.1408.1498.1468.1468.1488.1458.1488.150We can visualize the reproducibility of this set of measurements by plotting the data as ahistogram, which shows how often (frequency) a given value was obtained in the set. Thehistogram for this experiment is shown below. We see that the value that occurred most often was 8.148 (four times), and that values thatdeviated by too much or too little from 8.148 occurred infrequently. If we were to conduct a